International Journal of Management

AI-driven personalization has become a central capability in international digital marketing, enabling firms to tailor content, offers, and experiences across markets, languages, and cultures. Yet, cross-border personalization introduces added complexity: heterogeneous privacy regulations, uneven data availability, cultural differences in persuasion and trust, platform fragmentation, and algorithmic bias risks. This paper synthesizes prior research across marketing, information systems, and privacy governance to propose an integrative framework for international AI personalization. We define personalization as a multi-layer capability spanning data acquisition, identity resolution, decisioning, content generation, and measurement, moderated by institutional (regulation), cultural (values and norms), and infrastructure (payment, logistics, device) differences. We develop research propositions linking AI capability maturity to customer outcomes (relevance, satisfaction, loyalty) and firm outcomes (conversion, CLV, efficiency), while explicitly modeling trust, perceived intrusiveness, and fairness as mediators. A governance model is offered that operationalizes privacy-by-design, explainability, bias monitoring, and cross-border consent orchestration. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research and actionable guidance for practitioners implementing AI personalization across international markets.